CathrynTownsend
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In response to Incredible Shrinking Nana.
I find it difficult to believe that people genuinely need to have it explained that collective punishment is unacceptable and an infringement of the Geneva Convention. War crimes are war crimes regardless of who is committing them.
01:11 PM - Nov 07, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to CathrynTownsend.
Related: this paper found little evidence for selection for disease resistance alleles in past 10,000 years:

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439742v1.abstract
07:29 PM - Jul 14, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to Matt Egan he/him/his.
Good call!
03:07 PM - Jun 26, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to CathrynTownsend.
03:06 PM - Jun 26, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
A
In response to CathrynTownsend.
Original "Out of Africa" papers:

1. https://www.nature.com/articles/325031a0
03:05 PM - Jun 26, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to CathrynTownsend.
11) Hope this has helped to make clear that although the “Out of Africa” (RAO model) as originally conceived has not survived the test of time completely intact, it was a transformative model and proven largely correct compared with the alternative.
03:05 PM - Jun 26, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to CathrynTownsend.
10) The emergence of derived H. sapiens is also earlier than originally thought. Fossils have been found across Africa dating back to 300-100 thousand years ago, along with evidence of sprawling social networks.
03:04 PM - Jun 26, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to CathrynTownsend.
9) Paleoanthropologists & human geneticists largely agree that derived Homo sapiens predominantly originated in Africa. A recent study indicates that contemporary humans descend from 2 related populations in Africa that occasionally intermixed.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06055-y
03:04 PM - Jun 26, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to CathrynTownsend.
8) But the problem for the MRE model is much bigger. It cannot account for the fact that most of the extant human genome *is* of recent African origin, & there is decreasing genetic diversity with increasing geographic distance from Africa, indicating largely African origins.
03:03 PM - Jun 26, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to CathrynTownsend.
7) The main problem for the original RAO model is that contemporary human genomes are not 100% of recent African origin due to introgression from archaic species such as Neanderthals & Denisovans (H. sapiens interbred with them).
03:02 PM - Jun 26, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to CathrynTownsend.
6) Neither the RAO (“Out of Africa”) or MRE (Multiregional) models have survived the test of time completely intact.
03:02 PM - Jun 26, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to CathrynTownsend.
This is an illustration of the main difference between the two models:

https://t.co/QzK2Z5UGX1
03:02 PM - Jun 26, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
A
In response to CathrynTownsend.
4) There are other models but the main alternative is the Multiregional Evolution Model (MRE), which argues that derived Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus not just in Africa but in every inhabited region of the world.
03:00 PM - Jun 26, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to CathrynTownsend.
3) "Out of Africa" or RAO was developed during the late 1980s & early 1990s. Two major papers that helped to develop the model were Cann et al. (1987) and Stringer & Andrews (1988), both of which used genetic methods & data that were newly available then.
03:00 PM - Jun 26, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to CathrynTownsend.
2) First, what is “Out of Africa”? It’s a popular term for the RAO (Recent African Origin) model which holds that derived (or “modern”) H. sapiens evolved in Africa during the past 500,000 yrs & spread from there throughout the world (see Stringer 2022).
https://www.isita-org.com/jass/Contents/202
02:59 PM - Jun 26, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to CathrynTownsend.
If evolution produces selfish behaviour, it also produces all the caring, loving and ethical behaviour that we're capable of, so I'm really not sure why this sad woo woo persists.
10:07 AM - Jun 01, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to Pierson Tyler-Leonard.
Should be a referendum in Britain to abolish the monarchy
10:54 PM - Apr 14, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to Myke.
lol... I never thought of that
06:46 PM - Feb 15, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to Myke.
Thanks. "Plandemic" makes me despair
10:39 PM - Feb 14, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to Ryan Carnahan.
Imagine being this desperate for twitter engagement:
09:05 PM - Feb 14, 2023
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CathrynTownsend
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In response to Jo.
Fair enough! Thanks
04:54 PM - Feb 12, 2023
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